Law enforcement firearms in the 1990s in the United States were primarily semi-automatic handguns, typically chambered in 9mm, .40 S&W, or .45 ACP. Revolvers, though less common than in previous decades, remained in service with some agencies and individual officers, often chambered in .38 Special or .357 Magnum. Shotguns, typically 12-gauge pump-action models, were also standard issue for patrol vehicles and specialized units. A smaller number of agencies adopted semi-automatic rifles like the AR-15 or variants, particularly for SWAT teams and other tactical units.
The shift towards semi-automatic handguns during this decade reflected advancements in firearm technology and a growing emphasis on higher capacity magazines and faster reloading capabilities. This period also saw the increased adoption of the .40 S&W cartridge, developed in response to perceived shortcomings of the 9mm in certain law enforcement situations. The choice of firearms by law enforcement agencies was influenced by factors such as cost, availability, stopping power, and departmental policy. Understanding the prevalent firearms of this era provides valuable context for analyzing historical events, training procedures, and the evolution of law enforcement equipment.